U.S. Debt History Hub

How did we get here? Explore the major events and presidencies that shaped the national debt.

1776 - 1932

Forged in Debt: The Early Years

From the Revolutionary War to the Great Depression. Learn how the U.S. was born in debt.

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1933 - 1945

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The New Deal and the massive cost of WWII changed the scale of American debt forever.

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1945 - 1953

Harry S. Truman

Post-war stabilization, the Marshall Plan, and the fiscal impact of the Korean War.

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1953 - 1961

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Balanced budgets meet the construction of the massive Interstate Highway System.

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1961 - 1963

John F. Kennedy

The financial demands of the Space Race and the expansion of the "New Frontier."

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1963 - 1969

Lyndon B. Johnson

The "Guns and Butter" strategy: Funding the Vietnam War and the Great Society.

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1969 - 1974

Richard Nixon

The end of the Gold Standard and the economic impact of global stagflation.

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1981 - 1989

Ronald Reagan

Supply-side economics, massive tax cuts, and Cold War defense spending.

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1989 - 1993

George H.W. Bush

Navigating a recession and the fiscal consequences of the first Gulf War.

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1993 - 2001

Bill Clinton

The era of the modern budget surplus and the impact of the dot-com boom.

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2001 - 2009

George W. Bush

The War on Terror and the fallout from the 2008 global financial crisis.

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2009 - 2017

Barack Obama

Economic stimulus efforts and the implementation of major healthcare reform.

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2017 - 2021

Donald Trump

Historic tax cuts followed by unprecedented pandemic-era emergency spending.

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2021 - Present

Joe Biden

Infrastructure investment and the impact of rising interest rates in 2025.

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